改变心理学的40项研究（第7版，英文版）

　　You are probably aware that the two halves of your brain are not the same and that they perform different functions. For example, in general the left side of your brain is responsible for movement in the right side of your body, and vice versa. Beyond this, though, the two brain hemispheres appear to have much greater specialized abilities.
　　It has come to be rather common knowledge that, for most of us, the left brain controls our ability to use language while the right is involved in spatial relationships, such as those needed for artistic activities. Stroke or head-injury patients who suffer damage to the left side of the brain will usually lose, to varying degrees, their ability to speak (often this skill returns with therapy and training). Many people believe that each half, or hemisphere, of your brain may actually be a completely separate mental system with its own individual abilities for learning, remembering, perceiving the world, and feeling emotions. The concepts underlying this view of the brain rest on early scientific research on the effects of splitting the brain into two separate hemispheres.
　　That research was pioneered by Roger W. Sperry (1913–1994), beginning about 15 years prior to the article examined in this chapter. In his early work with animal subjects, Sperry made many remarkable discoveries. For example, in one series of studies, cats’ brains were surgically altered to sever the connection between the two halves of the brain and to alter the optic nerves so that the left eye transmitted information only to the left hemisphere and the right eye only to the right hemisphere. Following surgery, the cats appeared to behave normally and exhibited virtually no ill effects. Then, with the right eye covered, the cats learned a new behavior, such as walking through a short maze to find food. After the cats became skilled at maneuvering through the maze, the eye cover was shifted to the cats’ left eyes. Now, when the cats were placed back in the maze, their right brains had no idea where to turn, and the animals had to relearn the entire maze from the beginning.
　　Sperry conducted many related studies over the next 30 years, and in 1981 he received the Nobel Prize for his work on the specialized abilities of the two hemispheres of the brain. When his research endeavors turned to human participants in the early 1960s, he was joined in his work at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) by Michael Gazzaniga. Although Sperry is considered to be the founder of split-brain research, Gazzaniga’ s article has been chosen here because it is a clear, concise summary of their early collaborative work with human participants and it, along with other related research by Gazzaniga, is cited often in psychology texts. Its selection is in no way intended to overlook or overshadow either Sperry’ s leadership in this field or his great contributions. Gazzaniga, in large part, owes his early research, and his discoveries in the area of hemispheric specialization, to Roger W. Sperry (see Sperry, 1968; Puente, 1995).
　　To understand split-brain research, some knowledge of human physiology is required. The two hemispheres of your brain are in constant communication with one another via the corpus callosum, a structure made up of about 200 million nerve fibers (Figure 1-1). If your corpus callosum is cut, this major line of communication is disrupted, and the two halves of your brain must then function independently. If we want to study each half of your brain separately, all we need to do is surgically sever your corpus callosum.
　　But can scientists surgically divide the brains of humans for research purposes? That sounds more like a Frankenstein movie than real science! Obviously, research ethics would never allow such drastic methods simply for the purpose of studying the specialized abilities of the brain’ s two hemispheres. However, in the late 1950s, the field of medicine provided psychologists with a golden opportunity. In some people with very rare and very extreme cases of uncontrollable epilepsy, seizures could be greatly reduced or virtually eliminated by surgically severing the corpus callosum. This operation was (and is) successful, as a last resort, for those patients who cannot be helped by any other means. When this article was written in 1966, 10 such operations had been undertaken, and four of the patients consented to participate in examination and testing by Sperry and Gazzaniga to determine how their perceptual and intellectual skills were affected by this surgical treatment.
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　　罗杰·霍克（Roger R. Hock），博士是美国门多西诺学院（Mendocino College）的心理学教授，在心理学方面有多年教学经验。在教学过程中，他发现大多数心理学教科书因篇幅有限，无法详细介绍作为学科基础的研究过程，于是筹备本书以填补教科书与科学研究之间的沟壑。1992年出版本书的第1版之后，好评如潮且备受关注。霍克站在学科发展的高度，纵观心理学研究的发展历程，精心筛选出对心理学发展影响*大、文献引用较多且至今仍受关注的40项研究，范围涵盖广泛，介绍全面详实。

　　《改变心理学的40项研究》的独到之处在于填补了心理学书籍和心理学研究之间的沟壑，从历史的角度展示了心理学史上有名的40项研究，并介绍了这些研究的后续进展和相关研究。
　　自1992年初版以来，本书一直是备受推崇的畅销书，长期位居美国***心理学类TOP100之列。作者罗杰·霍克不仅是一位心理学家，而且也是位优秀的教育家和作家，他用自己简练的思维和生动的语言，将“枯燥的”心理学经典研究变成了一个又一个“引人入胜”的故事。阅读此书，会让你感到心理学将不再“枯燥”，不再“远离实际”，也不再“高不可攀”。同时，阅读这些经典研究，还会让你折服于心理学大师们的绝妙思路和天才的想法。
　　《改变心理学的40项研究》第7版进行了许多重要和实质性的修订，新增了两个具有重大影响力的研究，一项研究有关人脑对颜色的分类；另一项是更为近期的研究，关于如何使用磁共振成像（MRI）观察大脑活动。并且新版本更新了近期应用的内容。此外，更新了每篇研究报告中的“近期应用”，反映了进入21世纪以来这40项研究被大量引用的情况，由此你将体会到这些研究在心理学发展中均有着举足轻重的地位。为了满足广大读者的需求，特引入英文版，供喜爱阅读英文原书的读者研读，进一步体验心理学研究的美妙。

PREFACE   11
CHAPTER I  THE BIOLOGICAL BASIS OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR   19
CHAPTER II CONSCIOUSNESS AND THE SENSES 53
CHAPTER III CONDITIONING AND LEARNING   83
CHAPTER IV COGNITION, MEMORY, AND INTELLIGENCE   111
CHAPTER V CHANGES OVER THE HUMAN LIFESPAN   144
CHAPTER VI MOTIVATION AND EMOTION   176CHAPTER VII PERSONALITY   207
CHAPTER VIII PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS   243
CHAPTER IX THERAPY 274
CHAPTER X HUmAN INTERACTION AND SOCIAL BEHAvIOR   302
AUTHOR INDEX   334
SBUJECT INDEX   339