心理学纲要（第10版，英文版）

　　Psychologists at Work
　　Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. The simplicity of this defi nition is in some ways deceiving, concealing ongoing debates about how broad the scope of psychology should be. Should psychologists limit themselves to the study of outward, observable behavior? Is it possible to study thinking scientifically? Should the field encompass the study of such diverse topics as physical and mental health, perception, dreaming, and motivation? Is it appropriate to focus solely on human behavior, or should the behavior of other species be included?
　　Most psychologists would argue that the field should be receptive to a variety of viewpoints and approaches. Consequently, the phrase behavior and mental processes in the definition of psychology must be understood to mean many things: It encompasses not just what people do but also their thoughts, emotions, perceptions, reasoning processes, memories, and even the biological activities that maintain bodily functioning.
　　Psychologists try to describe, predict, and explain human behavior and mental processes, as well as helping to change and improve the lives of people and the world in which they live. They use scientific methods to find answers that are far more valid and legitimate than those resulting from intuition and speculation, which are often inaccurate (see Figure 1).
　　The Subfields of Psychology: Psychology’s Family Tree
　　As the study of psychology has grown, it has given rise to a number of subfields (described in Figure 2). The subfields of psychology can be likened to an extended family, with assorted nieces and nephews, aunts and uncles, and cousins who, although they may not interact on a day-to-day basis, are related to one another, because they share a common goal: understanding behavior. One way to identify the key subfields is to look at some of the basic questions about behavior that they address.
　　WHAT ARE THE BIOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS OF BEHAVIOR?
　　In the most fundamental sense, people are biological organisms. Behavioral neuroscience is the subfield of psychology that mainly examines how the brain and the nervous system—but other biological processes as well—determine behavior. Thus, neuroscientists consider how our bodies influence our behavior. For example, they may examine the link between specific sites in the brain and the muscular tremors of people affected by Parkinson’s disease or attempt to determine how our emotions are related to physical sensations. Behavioral neuroscientists might want to know what physiological changes occurred as movie patrons in the theater where Batman was showing realized they were being shot at.
　　HOW DO PEOPLE SENSE, PERCEIVE, LEARN, AND THINK ABOUT THE WORLD?
　　If you have ever wondered why you are susceptible to optical illusions, how your body registers pain, or how to make the most of your study time, an experimental psychologist can answer your questions. Experimental psychology is the branch of psychology that studies the processes of sensing, perceiving, learning, and thinking about the world. (The term experimental psychologist is somewhat misleading: Psychologists in every specialty area use experimental techniques.)
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　　罗伯特·费尔德曼，是美国马萨诸塞大学阿默斯特分校的心理学教授，同时任该校社会与行为科学学院院长。作为学院杰出教师奖的获得者，他所教授的心理学课程的学生人数从15人到500人不等。在长达20多年的大学教师生涯中，除马萨诸塞大学之外，他还曾在芒特霍尤克学院、卫斯理恩大学和弗吉尼亚联邦大学教授本科和研究生课程。
　　费尔德曼教授是美国心理学会和心理科学协会会员，他从卫斯理恩大学获得学士学位，从威斯康辛大学获得硕士和博士学位。他曾荣获富布赖特资深研究学者和讲师奖，以及卫斯理恩大学的杰出校友奖。他是行为和脑科学联合会（FABBS）的理事会成员之一，也是FABBS基金会的候任主席，该基金会大力支持心理学领域。
　　他撰写或编写的著作、科学论文数量累计超过150种（篇）。他所撰写的教科书被全世界200多万学生采用，被译成西班牙语、法语、葡萄牙语、荷兰语、德语、意大利语、汉语、韩语、日语等九种语言。他的研究兴趣包括日常生活中的诚实和欺骗行为，他在2009年出版的畅销书《生活中的说谎者》中描述了他的工作。他的研究得到了来自国家精神卫生研究所（NIH）以及国家残障和康复研究所的资助。

　　

　　这部由罗伯特·费尔德曼撰写的《心理学纲要》（Essentials of Understanding Psychology）在英美等国被300多所大学采用，是受欢迎的导论性心理学教材之一。本书即影印自该教材的新第10版。

　　《心理学纲要（第10版，英文版）》分为14章，依次为：心理学导言，神经科学与行为，感觉与知觉，意识状态，学习，记忆，思维、语言与智力，动机与情绪，发展，人格，健康心理学，心理障碍，心理障碍的治疗，社会心理学。在此基础上，全书进一步划分为46个独立的模块，读者可以根据自己的兴趣有选择地阅读。这种独树一帜的模块化设计，不仅适应于课堂教学，也非常适合普通读者来自学。

　　从第1版到第10版，作者始终秉持“把学生放在首位”的宗旨，致力于吸引学生的注意，将心理学知识传授给学生，进而激发学生的兴趣，帮助他们将心理学与日常世界建立起联系。作者的语言简练，生动形象，书中的各种教辅材料，如各种精美图片、互动游戏、视频及题库，更是为教师的课堂教学和学生的自主学习提供了全面解决方案。

　　本书特别适合用作普通心理学双语教学课教材或参考读物，也适合喜欢直接读英文原著的心理学爱好者阅读。

　　

Brief Contents
Preface xxiii
C H A P T E R 1 Introduction to Psychology 2
M O D U L E 1 Psychologists at Work 5
M O D U L E 2 A Science Evolves: The Past, the Present, and the Future 14
M O D U L E 3 Research in Psychology 26
M O D U L E 4 Critical Research Issues 40
C H A P T E R 2 Neuroscience and Behavior 48
M O D U L E 5 Neurons: The Basic Elements of Behavior 51
M O D U L E 6 The Nervous System and the Endocrine System: Communicating Within the Body 60
M O D U L E 7 The Brain 68
C H A P T E R 3 Sensation and Perception 86
M O D U L E 8 Sensing the World Around Us 89
M O D U L E 9 Vision: Shedding Light on the Eye 94
M O D U L E 1 0 Hearing and the Other Senses 104
M O D U L E 1 1 Perceptual Organization: Constructing Our View of the World 116
C H A P T E R 4 States of Consciousness 130
M O D U L E 1 2 Sleep and Dreams 133
M O D U L E 1 3 Hypnosis and Meditation 147
M O D U L E 1 4 Drug Use: The Highs and Lows of Consciousness 152
C H A P T E R 5 Learning 166
M O D U L E 1 5 Classical Conditioning 169
M O D U L E 1 6 Operant Conditioning 177
M O D U L E 1 7 Cognitive Approaches to Learning 192
C H A P T E R 6 Memory 202
M O D U L E 1 8 The Foundations of Memory 205
M O D U L E 1 9 Recalling Long-Term Memories 218
M O D U L E 2 0 Forgetting: When Memory Fails 228
C H A P T E R 7 Thinking, Language, and Intelligence 238
M O D U L E 2 1 Thinking and Reasoning 241
M O D U L E 2 2 Language 257
M O D U L E 2 3 Intelligence 266
C H A P T E R 8 Motivation and Emotion 286
M O D U L E 2 4 Explaining Motivation 289
M O D U L E 2 5 Human Needs and Motivation: Eat, Drink, and Be Daring 296
M O D U L E 2 6 Understanding Emotional Experiences 313
C H A P T E R 9 Development 326
M O D U L E 2 7 Nature and Nurture: The Enduring Developmental Issue 329
M O D U L E 2 8 Infancy and Childhood 340
M O D U L E 2 9 Adolescence: Becoming an Adult 358
M O D U L E 3 0 Adulthood 368
C H A P T E R 1 0 Personality 382
M O D U L E 3 1 Psychodynamic Approaches to Personality 385
M O D U L E 3 2 Trait, Learning, Biological and Evolutionary, and Humanistic Approaches to Personality 395
M O D U L E 3 3 Assessing Personality: Determining What Makes Us Distinctive 408
C H A P T E R 1 1 Health Psychology: Stress, Coping, and Well-Being 418
M O D U L E 3 4 Stress and Coping 421
M O D U L E 3 5 Psychological Aspects of Illness and Well-Being 434
M O D U L E 3 6 Promoting Health and Wellness 441
C H A P T E R 1 2 Psychological Disorders 450
M O D U L E 3 7 Normal Versus Abnormal: Making the Distinction 453
M O D U L E 3 8 The Major Psychological Disorders 463
M O D U L E 3 9 Psychological Disorders in Perspective 483
C H A P T E R 1 3 Treatment of Psychological Disorders 492
M O D U L E 4 0 Psychotherapy: Psychodynamic, Behavioral, and Cognitive Approaches to Treatment 495
M O D U L E 4 1 Psychotherapy: Humanistic, Interpersonal, and Group Approaches to Treatment 507
M O D U L E 4 2 Biomedical Therapy: Biological Approaches to Treatment 515
C H A P T E R 1 4 Social Psychology 526
M O D U L E 4 3 Attitudes and Social Cognition 529
M O D U L E 4 4 Social Infl uence and Groups 541
M O D U L E 4 5 Prejudice and Discrimination 549
M O D U L E 4 6 Positive and Negative Social Behavior 555
Glossary G
References R-1