物种起源（英文版）

查尔斯·罗伯特·达尔文（Charles?Robert?Darwin，1809年2月12日—1882年4月19日）?[1]jQuery18303798442811239511_1618900283570，英国生物学家，进化论的奠基人。曾经乘坐贝格尔号舰作了历时5年的环球航行，对动植物和地质结构等进行了大量的观察和采集。出版《物种起源》，提出了生物进化论学说，从而摧毁了各种唯心的神造论以及物种不变论。除了生物学外，他的理论对人类学、心理学、哲学的发展都有不容忽视的影响。恩格斯将“进化论”列为19世纪自然科学的三大发现之一（其他两个是细胞学说、能量守恒转化定律），对人类有杰出的贡献。

《物种起源》全名《论依据自然选择即在生存斗争中保存优良族的物种起源》（On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life），是英国生物学家查尔斯·达尔文系统阐述生物进化理论基础的生物学著作，1859年11月24日在伦敦出版。

该书中，达尔文根据20多年积累的对古生物学、生物地理学、形态学、胚胎学和分类学等许多领域的大量研究资料，以自然选择为中心，从变异性、遗传性、人工选择、生存竞争和适应等方面论证物种起源和生命自然界的多样性与统一性。 [1]  

《物种起源》不仅开创了生物学发展史上的新纪元，使进化论思想渗透到自然科学的各个领域，而且引起了整个人类思想的巨大革命，在世界历史进程中有着广泛和深远的影响。

Table of Contents

PREFACE .............................................................................................. 001

INTRODUCTION ............................................................................... 015

CHAPTER I VARIATION UNDER

DOMESTICATION ........................................... 021

CAUSES OF VARIABILITY...............................................................022

EFFECTS OF HABIT AND OF THE USE OR DISUSE OF

PARTS; CORRELATED VARIATION; INHERITANCE .......027

CHARACTER OF DOMESTIC VARIETIES; DIFFICULTY

OF DISTINGUISHING BETWEEN VARIETIES AND

SPECIES; ORIGIN OF DOMESTIC VARIETIES FROM

ONE OR MORE SPECIES...............................................................032

BREEDS OF THE DOMESTIC PIGEON, THEIR

DIFFERENCES AND ORIGIN .....................................................037

PRINCIPLES OF SELECTION ANCIENTLY FOLLOWED,

AND THEIR EFFECTS .................................................................. 046

UNCONSCIOUS SELECTION.......................................................... 051

·I? 

CIRCUMSTANCES FAVOURABLE TO MAN’S POWER OF

SELECTION ......................................................................................058

CHAPTER II VARIATION UNDER

NATURE ............................................................ 063

INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES ........................................................ 065

DOUBTFUL SPECIES......................................................................... 068

WIDE-RANGING, MUCH DIFFUSED, AND COMMON

SPECIES VARY MOST....................................................................077

SPECIES OF THE LARGER GENERA IN EACH COUNTRY

VARY MORE FREQUENTLY THAN THE SPECIES OF

THE SMALLER GENERA ............................................................. 079

MANY OF THE SPECIES INCLUDED WITHIN THE LARGER

GENERA RESEMBLE VARIETIES IN BEING VERY CLOSELY,

BUT UNEQUALLY, RELATED TO EACH OTHER, AND IN

HAVING RESTRICTED RANGES ..............................................082

SUMMARY ........................................................................................... 084

CHAPTER III STRUGGLE FOR

EXISTENCE ...................................................... 087

THE TERM, STRUGGLE FOR EXISTENCE, USED

IN A LARGE SENSE........................................................................090

GEOMETRICAL RATIO OF INCREASE.......................................091

NATURE OF THE CHECKS TO INCREASE .............................. 095

? II ? 

COMPLEX RELATIONS OF ALL ANIMALS AND PLANTS TO

EACH OTHER IN THE STRUGGLE FOR EXISTENCE ...... 099

STRUGGLE FOR LIFE MOST SEVERE BETWEEN

INDIVIDUALS AND VARIETIES OF THE SAME SPECIES .... 104

CHAPTER IV NATURAL SELECTION;

OR THE SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST .......... 109

SEXUAL SELECTION ........................................................................ 119

ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE ACTION OF NATURAL

SELECTION, OR THE SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST ...........122

ON THE INTERCROSSING OF INDIVIDUALS ........................ 131

CIRCUMSTANCES FAVOURABLE FOR THE PRODUCTION

OF NEW FORMS THROUGH NATURAL SELECTION .......137

EXTINCTION CAUSED BY NATURAL SELECTION .............. 145

DIVERGENCE OF CHARACTER ................................................... 147

THE PROBABLE EFFECTS OF THE ACTION OF NATURAL

SELECTION THROUGH DIVERGENCE OF CHARACTER

AND EXTINCTION, ON THE DESCENDANTS OF A

COMMON ANCESTOR...................................................................152

ON THE DEGREE TO WHICH ORGANISATION TENDS

TO ADVANCE ................................................................................. 163

CONVERGENCE OF CHARACTER............................................... 168

SUMMARY OF CHAPTER .................................................................171

? III ? 

CHAPTER V LAWS OF VARIATION ................. 175

EFFECTS OF THE INCREASED USE AND DISUSE OF PARTS,

AS CONTROLLED BY NATURAL SELECTION .................... 178

ACCLIMATISATION ........................................................................ 184

CORRELATED VARIATION .......................................................... 188

COMPENSATION AND ECONOMY OF GROWTH ................ 192

MULTIPLE, RUDIMENTARY, AND LOWLY-ORGANISED

STRUCTURES ARE VARIABLE ..................................................194

A PART DEVELOPED IN ANY SPECIES IN AN

EXTRAORDINARY DEGREE OR MANNER, IN

COMPARISON WITH THE SAME PART IN ALLIED

SPECIES, TENDS TO BE HIGHLY VARIABLE ....................... 195

SPECIFIC CHARACTERS MORE VARIABLE THAN GENERIC

CHARACTERS .................................................................................199

SECONDARY SEXUAL CHARACTERS VARIABLE .................201

DISTINCT SPECIES PRESENT ANALOGOUS VARIATIONS,

SO THAT A VARIETY OF ONE SPECIES OFTEN ASSUMES

A CHARACTER PROPER TO AN ALLIED SPECIES, OR

REVERTS TO SOME OF THE CHARACTERS OF AN EARLY

PROGENITOR ................................................................................ 204

SUMMARY .............................................................................................213

? IV ? 

CHAPTER VI DIFFICULTIES OF THE

THEORY .............................................................217

ON THE ABSENCE OR RARITY OF TRANSITIONAL

VARIETIES ........................................................................................ 219

ON THE ORIGIN AND TRANSITION OF ORGANIC BEINGS

WITH PECULIAR HABITS AND STRUCTURE .....................226

ORGANS OF EXTREME PERFECTION AND

COMPLICATION ............................................................................233

MODES Of TRANSITION ............................................................... 238

SPECIAL DIFFICULTIES OF THE THEORY OF NATURAL

SELECTION ...................................................................................... 243

ORGANS OF LITTLE APPARENT IMPORTANCE, AS

AFFECTED BY NATURAL SELECTION ...................................253

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